You only have a limited choice of options. Unfortunately if there really is a corrupt file in your profile, it also means that the file that is stored on the Steam Cloud is corrupt too, assuming that you have closed Steam at some point, as that is when Steam synchronises the files with the cloud. I don't really see much point of the Steam Cloud to be honest
Personally, if I were you I would disable the cloud.
Make copy of the Program Files (x86)\Steam\userdata\4389737\208500\remote folder and place on on your desktop.
Disconnect your wheel
Start the game on keyboard and create a new profile using the same driver name as you used before, and ALSO disable autosave (you will be asked about autosave)
As it's a new profile you will be taken to the YDT, just get back to the main menu ASAP
Change a couple of basic settings, go to the MyF1 menu and click SAVE. If you see it saving, a red rotating busy symbol (you will for sure as it's a new profile). That's the 1st stage done. (Your profile save files have now been over-written)
Close the game, and copy the remote folder contents (on your desktop) back into the Steam remote folder, and over-write all you new profile files.
Start the game with your keyboard (no wheel connected yet), and hopefully your profile is there and you do not get the Profile Corrupt warning. If it is corrupt, you're screwed, and you might as well create a new profile again, and start your whole game and career from scratch.
If you do get into the game, go to the MyF1 > Profile Menu and disable autosave again (it will be back now). Come out of that menu (or tweak another minor item from another menu) and hit the manual SAVE button. If it works you should be good to go .... You can also check the current state of your career and see what you have lost.
Close the game, connect your wheel, start the game, select the default wheel available to you (whatever one your using), and tweak the wheel settings to your taste.
Go back to the MyF1 menu and hit the SAVE again. It should still work.
Carry on playing until it happens again
Hopefully less likely with manual saves.
Next time you play, you can test that the save works, before you race. Do your race or sessions, tweak any setting you like, just make sure that you hit the save button when you have finally finished with the game.
Good luck .......
Damn ... did I just write all that again? ....... I must be mad!